Reference · development snapshot

Understand one maneuver

A procedure becomes easier to reason about when its prerequisites, mechanism and effects stay connected. Explore the same structure in physical, cyber and formal language.

Orientation updated 5 October 2026 · worked example: 23 August 2026 · MC-SPEC 0.4.20

This page teaches the behavioral and defensive layer of the broader Maneuver Calculus reference architecture: how one adversary procedure relates to prerequisites, effects and defensive coverage. The worked example moves from concrete language to formal notation. The MC semantics page develops this layer, and dotted terms link to the glossary.

The thirty-second version

A coverage question starts with a procedure: what must be true before it runs, what action changes the environment, and what result follows? A useful answer also identifies the detection's signal, the telemetry it requires, and the evidence that it works.

Maneuver Calculus models those relationships explicitly. Its semantic design requires coverage conclusions to be derived from declared telemetry dependencies, detection health and observable grounding. An unmodeled behavior remains an explicit gap. The 5 October implementation snapshot describes the implemented components and their recorded results.

Reading ladder
30 sThis section. The problem and the one idea.
3 min§0.2–0.3 below. One maneuver worked end to end; MC for ATT&CK users.
5 minArchitecture. The evidence-to-world flow and MC’s place in the wider system.
40 minMC semantics → Alignment → Roadmap. The behavioral model, proposed correspondences and development evidence.
10 minReference: Glossary · FAQ. Consult these alongside the reading path for terms, status and participation.
HoursMC-SPEC 0.4.20 · mc-core 0.4.20.2. Current development references; the forthcoming public specification will be a later version.
Worked example statusThe retained LSASS diagrams still need reconciliation: MiniDump is shown as a separate core in one plate and as a detection supporting the live-read core in another. Those mappings are not adjudicated by this preview. The example teaches the record structure; it is not an accepted coverage result. Formal vocabulary remains the current development reference.

One maneuver, three ways

The same structure, in three vocabularies. Flip the register and every plate below keeps its shape while its words change: a physical analogy (a bank robbery), the cyber case (LSASS credential dumping, T1003.001), and the formal model (spec notation, ontology terms, axioms). If the plain telling and the specification carry the same shape, the notation was never the hard part — the modelling underneath it was. The physical column is an analogy register, a teaching aid, never a synonym for the fixed vocabulary.

Register
Plate 1 · One maneuver, start to finish
Physical · analogy
Fig. A One maneuver · need · do · get The goal Get through the back door serves Before reach · move · turn the lock The move Defeat the lock After the lock is open requires yields precondition mechanism postcondition identifies The part that cannot change all three boxes, taken together realized by pick the lock forge a key
Fig. A — A thief disabling the lock on a bank’s back door. The part that cannot change is all three boxes together; underneath sit swappable ways of doing it.

A thief disabling the lock on a bank’s back door. Before, they must reach the lock, move the pins, and turn it; the move is to defeat the lock; after, the lock is open and the door lets them through. The part that cannot change is all three boxes taken together — change any one and it is no longer the same maneuver. Underneath sit two ways of doing it: pick the lock, or forge a key. A rake pick, a hook pick, this gang’s tools — all still “pick the lock” to us. One entry, not fifty.

Cyber · LSASS
Fig. A One maneuver · { P } m { Q } Objective Credential access · TA0006 serves Precondition process integrity ⊒ system Mechanism read LSASS memory Postcond. credentialHeld ⊇ {admin} requires yields precondition mechanism postcondition identifies Invariant core A · read it live the reading is what cannot be dropped realized by userland read syscall · handle-dup
Fig. A — Reading credential material out of LSASS: precondition {P}, mechanism m, postcondition {Q}. The retained example labels this core A. An implementation variant is the whole record considered as a member of a stated class; a tool is a separate realization detail.

An operator already at SYSTEM integrity reads credential material out of LSASS. That need·do·get is invariant core A — read it live. Underneath are swappable variants: a userland read, a syscall/handle-dup route. The retained illustration uses three draft labels: A read memory live, B write it to disk (which yields a file, not yet a credential), C execute inside LSASS (A’s ending, reached with write access rather than an outside read). This plate is core A. Which tool ran is tradecraft; the reading itself is what cannot be dropped.

Formal · spec
Fig. A { P } m { Q } mc:Objective carried, not consulted serves { P } ⋀ ConditionPattern m composesPrimitive { Q } yields requires yields precondition mechanism postcondition identifies ⟨ P*, m*, Q* ⟩ what every aligned record requires · §4.4.3 realized by ImplementationVariant one route · §5.2
Fig. A — A maneuver record is a Hoare triple {P} m {Q}; the stripped triple ⟨P*, m*, Q*⟩ it aligns to is the invariant core.
i · spec notation
A maneuver record is a Hoare triple {P} m {Q} (§4.1), identified by what it structurally requires (§4.4.2). Class identity is the stripped triple ⟨P*, m*, Q*⟩; two cores differing in any component are distinct (§4.4.3). Required = removing it stops the effect (§4.4.3.1).
ii · ontology terms
mc:ManeuverRecord · mc:InvariantCore (disjoint individuals) · mc:ImplementationVariant ⊑ mc:ManeuverRecord. Clauses via mc:hasPreconditionClause/mc:hasPostconditionClause, body mc:composesPrimitive; core via mc:coreRequiresState (P*), mc:invariantComposes (m*), mc:coreRequiresEffect (Q*); mc:alignsToCore derived; mc:serves an mc:Objective.
iii · axioms / rules
A record aligns to every core it satisfies (§4.4.5.3). The objective is carried, not consulted, and MUST NOT identify a class, a record, or membership (§4.4.5). Membership is a test, not a roster (§4.4.5.1).

A maneuver record is a Hoare triple {P} m {Q} — a precondition it requires, a mechanism, a postcondition it yields (§4.1). The record is identified by what it structurally requires (§4.4.2). A class is identified by the stripped triple ⟨P*, m*, Q*⟩, what every aligned record structurally requires; two cores differing in any component are distinct (§4.4.3). An element is required exactly when removing it stops the record reaching its effect (§4.4.3.1). A tool realizes the core but is not part of it — the trivial core ⟨∅,∅,∅⟩ is never named (§4.4.5.3).

Plate 2 · One goal, several maneuvers
Physical · analogy
Fig. B One goal · four maneuvers The goal Get through the back door four ways to the same goal Maneuver 1Disablethe lock Maneuver 2Blowthe door Maneuver 3Take thehinges off Maneuver 4Get someoneto open it defence here Stops every way of doing Maneuver 1 — a real win. But the goal still stands: three maneuvers you did not block.
Fig. B — One goal, four genuinely different maneuvers. Blocking Maneuver 1 completely is a real win — and it does nothing to the other three.

One goal, four genuinely different maneuvers: disable the lock, blow the door, take off the hinges, or get a person to open it. You fit a lock whose pins cannot be moved — so Maneuver 1 stops in every way of doing it, including ways nobody has written down. That is a real, honest win; say it that way. But you did not block the goal: three other maneuvers reach it and your lock does nothing about them. And if you had blocked only rake picks, you would not even have blocked Maneuver 1.

Cyber · LSASS
Fig. B One objective · draft labels Objective Credential access four ways to the same goal Core Aread LSASSlive Core Bdump todisk Core Cexecuteinside SiblingsSAM · DCSyncNTDS.dit assumed block on A Premise: the control blocks the required live-read mechanism. B, C and siblings: outside this example’s established coverage.
Fig. B — An illustrative preventive control blocks the required live-read mechanism labelled A. Its assumed scope supplies a class-wide prevention result for records aligned to A; B, C and sibling paths are outside this example’s established coverage.

Assume a hypothetical control blocks the required live-read mechanism in the stated environment. Under that premise, a record aligned to A cannot reach its effect through that mechanism, whether its implementation uses a userland read or another route. This teaches how a preventive result transfers through a shared requirement. The draft labels B (dump to disk), C (execute inside), and the unmodeled sibling paths — SAM-hive, DCSync, NTDS.dit, LSA secrets — need their own coverage evidence. The example leaves their outcomes open.

Formal · spec
Fig. B Objective → {records} mc:Objective identifies neither sort · §4.4.5 four aligned records record → core Abreak onP* / m* distinct coreother{ Q } distinct coreother{ P } unmodeledrecords§10.4 breaksManeuver Transfers on the core, class-wide · §4.7.1 Scope is core-relative (§4.7.3); the objective is not a criterion.
Fig. B — An mc:Objective served by several records; a break transfers class-wide only when it acts on the invariant core.
i · spec notation
A placement structurally breaks a maneuver when it stops it reaching its effect; a detect placement never breaks anything (§9.2). Transfer holds iff the placement acts on the core (§4.7.1).
ii · ontology terms
mc:breaksManeuver · mc:alignsToCore · mc:tierAgainstCore · mc:serves / mc:Objective. Distinct cores are distinct mc:InvariantCore individuals.
iii · axioms / rules
Scope lattice (§4.7.3): core → class-wide; several variations → those records; one variation → that record alone. Read against a stated core. Unmodeled MUST NOT be reported as covered (§10.4).

A placement structurally breaks a maneuver when it stops it reaching its effect; a detect placement never breaks anything (§9.2). A result transfers to every aligned record exactly when the placement acts on the invariant core; acting on one record’s variation is a result for that record alone (§4.7.1). Scope follows a lattice: core → class-wide; several variations → those records; one variation → that record (§4.7.3). The mc:Objective is carried, not a criterion (§4.4.5).

Plate 3a · Coverage — who is actually watching
Physical · analogy
Fig. C Who is actually watching The back-door job one blind, two watching — still seen Camera on the lock unplugged — blind Strong-room guard watching Delivery ledger recording ! Doors you never drew a plan for a missing door is not a guarded door — a gap, escalated
Fig. C — Coverage is not a colour on a chart. One watcher blind, two still watching — and doors you never drew a plan for are not guarded doors.

Coverage is not a colour on a wall chart. One camera is unplugged — that watcher is blind — but the strong-room guard and the delivery ledger still watch, so this maneuver stays seen. What you never drew a plan for is a different matter: a door missing from your drawings is not a guarded door. Silence there is a gap to escalate, never a tick in the “covered” column.

Cyber · LSASS
Fig. C Illustrative detection health Core A read LSASS live draft detection links Userland handle trigger lost → blind Read sensor assumed live Minidump file file sensor assumed live ! Zone E — SAM · DCSync NTDS.dit · LSA secrets — no record at all
Fig. C — In this hypothetical dependency example, one detection loses its required trigger and becomes blind. Two independent sensors retain the requirements for live status. The drawing preserves the draft detection links; Zone E identifies paths awaiting records.

Detection health follows each detection’s declared dependencies. Assume the userland-handle detection loses its required trigger, while the separate read and file sensors retain their triggers, collection paths and all other requirements for live status at the stated time. The semantic rules then yield one blind detection and two live detections. This is a dependency calculation under stated premises. The retained MiniDump mapping is described above; the health calculation leaves that classification question open. Zone E lists SAM-hive, DCSync, NTDS.dit, remote LSASS and LSA secrets as paths awaiting their own modeled records.

Formal · spec
Fig. C Coverage record · faces coverage record health computed, not asserted status: blind trigger unmet · §8.2 spanning o1 · L5 core-grounded discriminating o2 variation-grounded ! unmodeled MUST NOT be reported as covered · §10.4
Fig. C — A coverage record carries each face’s status (§8.2). Unmodeled is silence, escalated — never a covered verdict (§10.4).
i · spec notation
Face status is four-valued. Evaluate blind → degraded → uncertain → live; the first matching condition sets the status (§8.2). This is an evaluation order, not a quality ranking. Silence over assumption (§10.4).
ii · ontology terms
Faces ground observables; o1 spanning (L5, core), o2/o3 discriminating (L2/L3, variation). Health flows from control state through the grounding chain.
iii · axioms / rules
A maneuver with no record, a sibling never modeled, a cell never authored are all unmodeled and MUST NOT be reported as covered; absence of a record is not evidence of coverage (§10.4, §4.3.3).

Each detection face carries a four-valued status, evaluated in order — blind, degraded, uncertain, live — with the first matching condition setting the status (§8.2); a face is blind when its trigger requirement is unsatisfied. A maneuver with no record, a sibling path never modeled, and a cell never authored are all unmodeled, and unmodeled MUST NOT be reported as covered; absence of a record is not evidence of coverage (§10.4).

Plate 3b · Coverage — where the win travels
Physical · analogy
Fig. D Where the win travels On the part that cannot change un-pickable pins covers the whole class beats pick, forge & any unwritten way On one way of doing it a sign: “no rake picks” one route not covered stops the rake only — not the hook, not forging
Fig. D — Where the defence lands decides how far the win travels: the part that cannot change beats every way; one particular way beats only itself.

Where the defence lands decides how far the win travels. Un-pickable pins act on the part that cannot change, so they beat every way of picking — and ways nobody has written down. A sign reading “no rake picks” acts on one particular way; it stops the rake and nothing else — not the hook pick, not forging. Same door, two very different claims, with very different lifetimes.

Cyber · LSASS
Fig. D Illustrative detection scope On the core hypothetical read sensor assumed core signal (o1, L5) observes the shared read under the stated collection premises On a variation minidump-on-disk file rule (o2, L2) file signal scope open Observes a dump file when present
Fig. D — Assume a hypothetical sensor observes every required live read and delivers each event to the detection rule in the stated environment. That premise supports detection across records aligned to A. A file rule observes a dump file when present; a separate preventive or response mechanism would be needed to stop an action.

For the upper row, assume that every required live read produces the modeled signal, that collection delivers it intact, and that the rule evaluates it successfully at the stated time. Under these premises, the core-grounded observable (o1, spanning, L5 in the retained illustration) supports a detection result across aligned records. The lower row retains the draft minidump-file observable (o2, discriminating, L2): its rule observes that file when it is produced and collected. A route producing no such file falls outside that rule’s established detection scope. Grounding describes the reach of the result; testing supplies evidence for a real sensor, rule and environment.

Formal · spec
Fig. D Scope of a placement placement on m* (the core) covers the whole class transfers to every aligned record · §4.7.1 placement on one record’s variation one route not covered result for that record alone · §4.7.3
Fig. D — A placement on m* has class-wide scope; a placement on one record’s variation has single-record scope (§4.7).
i · spec notation
Transfer (§4.7.1): a result against one aligned record transfers to all iff the placement acts on the invariant core; a variation-placement is that record alone.
ii · ontology terms
mc:alignsToCore (derived) · mc:tierAgainstCore · mc:ImplementationVariant. Core-grounded ⇒ spanning; variation-grounded ⇒ discriminating.
iii · axioms / rules
Scope lattice (§4.7.3): core → class-wide; one variation → that record. Grounding fixes role (§7.2.1): the core buys class-wide coverage, a variation buys one record.

The transfer rule (§4.7.1): a defensive result established against one aligned record transfers to every aligned record exactly when the placement acts on the invariant core. A placement on a record’s variation establishes a result for that record alone. Grounding fixes role — core-grounded is spanning, variation-grounded is discriminating (§7.2.1) — and the scope lattice (§4.7.3) reads the reach off where the placement lands.

Why this mattersA coverage answer should carry what was modeled, what telemetry supports it and where the evidence ends. This is an intended discipline; a future benchmark will need to test it with an adequate methodology.

If you already use ATT&CK

Maneuver Calculus does not replace ATT&CK and does not fork it. Tactics and technique IDs retain their external catalog meanings. The proposed crosswalk relates MC content to those catalog entries without turning an identifier into MC identity. The current alignment model uses proposed SKOS relations — exactMatch, closeMatch, relatedMatch — rather than subclassing into another taxonomy. Individual mappings and their concrete bindings remain subject to verification.

What differs is altitude. ATT&CK names what a behaviour is; the calculus works one level below, at the individual procedure, where a maneuver is defined by what it requires and what it yields rather than by its label. Many procedures implement one technique, so the relation is many-to-many.

The semantic model represents three things beyond a coverage matrix. First, pre- and postconditions determine a graph of partial contributions between maneuvers; an edge alone does not prove that the next maneuver is available. Second, telemetry dependencies determine four-valued detection health, so a changed source state requires dependent coverage to be recomputed. Third, coverage has five separately-derived dimensions: is something breaking this, is anything still watching, what is it keyed on, has it been shown to work, and does it fire on benign activity too? These are model requirements, not a claim that an implementation has verified every operation. Where the model cannot answer, it reports an unmodeled gap. The proposed crosswalk matrices are on the Alignment page.

What you can do today

Where to go next

Continue to Architecture for the wider system, then MC semantics for the behavioral and defensive layer in seven parts, Alignment for proposed external correspondences, and Roadmap for capabilities, evidence and gaps. The MC semantics page assumes you have read §0.2 above; the glossary provides the plain reading of its terms.